User:Kudŕavka/Sandbox

LabKudravina is a multi-ethnic and Multi-Linguistic country. It has two official languages in government: the Northern-Slavic language Kudravinian and the East Nemecian language Maidjan; as well as the Yugo-Azaryan language Matra in the autonomous republic of Matrabumi, the Czudzic language Paimen in the republic of Menastađs, Beloslav in the region of Belaia, and Sangitavian in the republic of Jugosangitavina.

Menaronic
The Maidjans traditionally used the Uthark script before interaction with Hellenic cultures. The Uthark script was a modified variant of the traditional Futhark script with interesting changes made. Most notably, Uthark places the feihu (wealth) rune at the end of the script, like West Germanic runes, added modified forms of ansuz (ᚫ, ᚪ, ᚩ) to represent æ, a, and å. The ᛠ rune, named waichts, displaced wynn which later serve as /y/ additionally. Waicht's origin as a glyph likely came from its use by other Germanic languages to represent similar /y/ while a reversed wynn (ᛩ) would be used for /gw/. The /p/ sound had been totally unfound in the language, and its place in the alphabet were replaced by ᛔ to represent /ʍ/, similar to cweord for Lafeardic. The Elk rune ᛨ would bear a similar resemblance to its form in some Illhosian inscriptions, looking similar to a mirrored tyr ᛏ

Kudravinian
Kudravinian is a North Slavic language of the Azario-Zemlyan language family, descended from the inhabitants of early medieval Mezduslavija. It is named after the Sycen psalm "Kudravina," or "land of the curls," praising the mother goddess Svetlina's creativity. While a debate arose over whether Kudravinian is a North Slavic language or East Nemecian language, it is the held scholarly consensus to be the former, as it can be derived more clearly from the tongue of the Volosevian ethnic group, one of the ancient Slavic peoples that took their name from the cult of Volos, the Slavic god of the harvest, music, and sorcery. While Kudravinain is genealogically North Slavic, its vocabulary and parts of grammar is hugely influenced by Gilthian, an East Nemecian language; Cestrosan, a Hellenic language; as well as Beloslav, an East Slavic language. The closest living relative of Kudravinian is Kusian, as both are the only two North Slavic languages remaining, while Kudravinian maintains some degree of mutual intelligibility with surviving Volosevian dialects and the Gilthian language.

Kudravinian has developed over the course of more than 1,488 years. The earliest forms of Volosevian, a group of early North Slavic dialects brought to Mezduslavija by Slavic settlers in the 4th century and mutated into a distinct language by the Gilthian-speaking population starting in the 5th and 6th centuries, are collectively called old Volosevian. Middle Volosevian began in the late 10th century with the rule of Hadassa the Wise. Her rule was an era marked with literary reforms and the invention of the early movable-type printing press, which was used to remarkably increase literacy among the population. This was also an era of conquest for Solovina, where the Solovina State conquered all of Mezduslavija and lead successful sea conquests. The boom in literacy was a period in which Volosevian permanently absorbed large amounts of Gilthian, Golesian, and Cestrosan vocabulary through exploration of the arts and dialogue between ethnic groups. Late Volosevian began in the late 13th century with the Solovina State reconquering land taken by the Lipnitian Empire, and eventually entering a federation with Kus. It was around this time the Solovina State began to refer to itself as "Kudravina," as a religious symbol to justify its fichód of Lipnitian-conquered territories. Despite this, Late Volosevian would not be called Kudravinian until the nationalist movements of the 1800s.

Under the Kusian-Kudravinian commonwealth, the Late Volosevian tongue was exported to Oernland, Waerisia, and Maharlika, all territories once governed over by the Commonwealth. Oernland and Waerisia in particular adopt their names from 𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌽𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 {Aranland - land of Eagle) and 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌽𐌰/𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌹𐍃𐌹𐌰 (Werisina/Werisia - place of Man; folk term referencing the ancient homeland of the Zemlyans). During this time, Latin was adopted and replaced the Haliurunnic script in all arenas bar religious studies and folk writing. This had the unintentional effect of stratifying Kudravina, and late Volosevian would split into two dialects over time. Modern Volosevian and Kudravinian officially split in the early 1900s, following De-Kusification efforts of language and law, simplification of speech, and a restoration of the Haliurunnic script by Kudravinian National-Communists.

Changes from old North Slavic
As a north Slavic language, Kudravinian maintained many features of proto-Balto-Slavic that East, West, and South slavic languages lack. In particular, North Slavic languages lack palatalization of *k and *g into *c/*č and *ž the fricativization of *kv and *gv into *sv and *zv, and the changes of *sk, into *š/*x.

However, Kudravinian also has sound changes similar to its bordering Germanic and Illhosian languages.

For example:

Miscellaneous mutations:


 * North Slavic *z -> Volosevian [ɣ]
 * Proto Slavic "zemlja" - Volosevian "gemla"
 * Intervocalic *d -> Volosevian [dz]
 * Proto Slavic "godǔ" - Volosevian "kozu"
 * Hard *l -> Volosevian [w]
 * Proto Slavic vǔlna - Old Volosevian "vewna" (modern "vluna")
 * the change ml’ > ńl
 * Coda -s disappearing and fronting the previous vowel

Non-intervocalic devoicing


 * North Slavic *d -> Volosevian [t]
 * Proto Slavic "drugǔ" - Volosevian "trugoi"
 * North Slavic *g -> Volosevian [k]
 * Proto Slavic "godǔ" - Volosevian "kozu"

Devoiced consonant fricativization


 * North Slavic *t-> Volosevian [θ] (voiced intervocalically)
 * Proto Slavic "tri" - Volosevian "đrei"
 * North Slavic *k -> Volosevian [x]
 * Proto Slavic "kako" - Volosevian "chach"


 * North Slavic *p -> Volosevian [ɸ]
 * Proto Slavic "para" - Volosevian "fara"

Vowels


 * *TьRT, *TъRT -> TьRьT, TъRъT, but retaining *TоRT
 * Dental codas fronting preceeding vowel
 * *ę becoming ai, *ǫ becoming au
 * Nasal codas nasalizing and lengthening the previous vowel
 * a and au mutate preceding vowels
 * in a syllable with e, preceding one with å, it becomes eo
 * in a syllable with e, preceding one with a, it becomes ea
 * in a syllable with o, preceing one with a, it becomes oi

Grammar
Kudravinian grammar is highly synthetic, meaning words can attach multiple combinations of affixes and roots to create another meaning. Pronouns are often omitted in ergative positions.

Verbs
Kudravinian suffixes vowels based on evidentiality, person, number, and voice Note: The first vowel is removed if a vowel is already present being affixed. Tense can be denoted by infixing: The imperative is a complex aspect in and of itself, having different forms depending on who is being referred to. The imperative aspect's tense is almost always future tense.

Articles and Adjectives
Noun declensions are never done on the nouns themselves, but on articles. Articles are declined according to their nouns number and case.

Kudravinian has a the following:

Nouns
Nouns are declined by if they're animate or inanimate. Inanimate nouns are declined by -s, animate nouns are declined by -a

Gothic Prefixes
𐌰𐌽𐌰- • (ana-) 𐌰𐌽𐌳- • (and-) 𐌰𐍄- • (at-) (like "make contact with" could be to "at-contact")
 * 1) (added to verbs) on, onto, to, against
 * un-, de-
 * 1) Verbal prefix signifying an action "against" or "toward".
 * 1) Verbal prefix indicating presence, proximity, or intention/action towards/at something.

𐌰𐍆- • (af-) (like to pull jolt a hand could be "off-touch"
 * off, away

𐌱𐌹- • (bi-) 𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃- • (twis-) 𐌳𐌿- • (du-) (like "to begin" would be to "du-erect")
 * 1) A general prefix adding transitivity to verbs
 * 2) A prefix, added to verbs regardless of transitivity, forming transitive verbs with a sense of 'throughout', 'adjacency', 'enclosure'
 * 1) Prefix - occurring only in 𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (twisstandan) and the related 𐍄𐍅𐌹𐍃𐍃𐍄𐌰𐍃𐍃 (twisstass) - indicating separation from something.
 * 1) Verbal prefix indicating movement towards, or arrival/presence at, something or -place.

𐌹𐌽- • (in-) 𐌼𐌹𐌸- • (miþ-) 𐌼𐌹𐍃𐍃𐌰- • (missa-) 𐌿𐌽- • (un-) 𐌿𐍃- • (us-) 𐌿𐍆- • (uf-) 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂- • (ufar-) 𐍄𐌿𐌶- • (tuz-)#dys-; Verbal prefix indicating negativity or difficulty. 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂- • (fair-) 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂- • (faur-) 𐍆𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌰- • (faura-) 𐍆𐍂𐌰- • (fra-)
 * in-, en- (locative not dative; "in not into")
 * 1) Verbal prefix indicating that the prefixed action is performed together, similar to co-.
 * 1) mis-
 * 1) un-; negation prefix.
 * 1) out-, up-
 * 1) Verbal prefix indicating location underneath or an action/movement forth from below or outwards from within; often yields aspectually perfective verbs.
 * 1) over-, super-, exceedingly
 * 1) Verbal prefix with intensifying meaning.
 * 1) (spatial) before, forth, forward; forth-
 * 2) for- (privative)
 * 1) before, in front of, fore-, pre-
 * 1) Verbal prefix indicating separation, destruction, loss, or change.

Gothic suffixes
-𐌰 • (-a) -𐌲𐍃 • (-gs) -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 • (-dūþs) -𐌸𐌿𐍃 • (-þus) -𐌸𐍃 • (-þs) 𐌳𐍉𐌲𐍃 • (-dōgs) -𐌴𐌹 • (-ei)#Forms abstract nouns from words (mostly adjectives) which represent "the state, quality or measure of" the word: -th, -ness, -ity -𐌴𐌹𐌽 • (-ein) -𐌴𐌹𐍃 • (-eis) -𐌷𐌿𐌽 • (-hun) -𐌸 • (-þ) -𐌸𐍂𐍉 • (-þrō) -𐌹 • (-i) -𐌹𐌶𐌰 • (-iza) -𐌹𐌸𐌰 • (-iþa) -𐌹𐌻𐌰 • (-ila) -𐌰𐍃𐍃𐌿𐍃 • (-assus)#-ness -𐌹𐌽𐌹 • (-ini) f -𐌹𐌽𐍉𐌽 • (-inōn) -𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 • (-isks) -𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 • (-ists) -est; forms superlative adjectives from grammatically positive adjectives
 * 1) Forms agent nouns, sometimes from the zero-grade form of the base.
 * -y, -ic; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of 'being, having or doing'.
 * 1) Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives, and other nouns.
 * 1) Forms masculine nouns from verbs, in some cases from the zero-grade form of the base.
 * 1) Forms nouns from verbs, usually from the zero-grade form of the base.
 * 1) Forms adjectives from numerals, indicating an age in days
 * 1) -let, -kin; forms diminutive nouns
 * 1) -er; forms agent nouns
 * 1) Forms indefinite pronouns, with the suffixed word often being preceded by the particle 𐌽𐌹 (ni).
 * 1) Creates locative adverbs.
 * 1) Creates adverbs that denote a motion from a place.
 * 1) Forms mostly abstract nouns representing a phenomenon associated with the base.
 * 1) -er; forms comparative adjectives from grammatically positive adjectives
 * 1) -ity, -ness; suffix forming feminine ō-stem nouns.
 * 1) used to form personal names from common nouns
 * 1) Forms nouns indicating a female individual.
 * 1) Derives denominatives from nouns referring to persons, meaning to be or perform the duties of that person.
 * 1) forms adjectives from nouns with sense of ‘pertaining to, characteristic of’

-𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌳𐍃 • (-kunds) (forming adjectives) -𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃 • (-leiks) -𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃 • (-liggs) -𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌹 • (-muni) -𐌽𐌰𐌽 • (-nan) -𐌽𐌳𐍃 • (-nds)#-ing. Forms present participles from verbs. -𐌾𐌰 • (-ja) -𐌾𐌰𐌽 • (-jan) -𐌿𐌻𐍃 • (-uls)#-some; forms adjectives from verbs meaning "doing" or "pertaining to doing" the verb. -𐌿𐌼𐌰 • (-uma) -𐍃𐌽𐌰 • (-sna) -𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐍃 • (-wairþs) -𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 • (-wintrus) -𐍆𐌰𐌻𐌸𐍃 • (-falþs) -𐍉 • (-ō) -𐍉𐌽 • (-ōn) -𐍉𐌽𐍃 • (-ōns) -𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃 • (-āreis) -𐌱𐌰 • (-ba) -𐌿 • (-u) (interrogative enclitic) -𐌿𐌷 • (-uh)
 * 1) born of the thing specified by the root to which this suffix is added
 * 1) -like, -ly. Forms adjectives from nouns and adjectives with the sense of 'similar to, characteristic of'.
 * 1) Forms nouns meaning 'belonging to, coming from, descending from', often with a diminutive meaning.
 * 1) Forms entity or state nouns.
 * 1) Forms fientive verbs, with a sense of 'to become (the base)'.
 * 1) -er; forms nouns indicating occupation, especially from verbs
 * 1) Derives denominatives from nouns and factitives from adjectives.
 * 1) -est; forms or superlative adjectives.
 * 1) Forms feminine ō-stem nouns denoting a tool or instrument.
 * 1) -ward
 * 1) years old
 * 2) years lasting
 * 1) -fold (used to make adjectives)
 * 1) -ly; forms adverbs from adjectives.
 * 1) Derives denominatives from nouns and factitives from adjectives
 * 1) Forms feminine i-stem nouns from class 2 weak verbs
 * 1) -er; forms agent nouns, mostly from verbs
 * 1) -ly; forms adverbs from adjectives.
 * 1) Added to the end of a word in a phrase (usually the first word) to make it a question.
 * and

Totally Not Ukro Suffixes
-ість • (-istʹ) f -ач • (-ač)#Usually denoting occupation or agent -ець • (-ecʹ)
 * 1) -hood, -ness, -ity (suffix appended to words to create a neuter noun, usually an abstract noun denoting a relation, social status, scientific discipline, quality or state).
 * 1) Suffix appended to verbs to create a masculine noun denoting someone or something that performs the action denoted by the verb.
 * грець (hrecʹ), ссавець (ssavecʹ), валець (valecʹ)
 * 1) Suffix appended to adjectives to create a masculine noun denoting a person having the adjective's quality.
 * іноземець (inozemecʹ), іноходець (inoxodecʹ), хлопець (xlopecʹ), червець (červecʹ)
 * 1) Diminutive suffix. (Sometimes carrying a derogatory connotation.)
 * людці (ljudci)

-́истий or -и́стий • (-́ystyj or -ýstyj) -ли́вий • (-lývyj)#Used to form adjectives from nouns; -al, -y.
 * 1) adjective-forming suffix, added to nouns, indicating having the property of that noun
 * ‎гора́ (horá) + ‎-истий (-ystyj) → ‎гори́стий (horýstyj)
 * ‎м'я́со (mʺjáso) + ‎-истий (-ystyj) → ‎м'яси́стий (mʺjasýstyj)
 * ‎ща́стя (ščástja) + ‎-ливий (-lyvyj) → ‎щасли́вий (ščaslývyj)

-льня • (-lʹnja) f inan #Used to form nouns referring to places from verbs.

-ній • (-nij)
 * 1) Used to form adjectives from nouns; -ish, -y.
 * ‎самота́ (samotá) + ‎-ній (-nij) → ‎само́тній (samótnij)

-ниця • (-nycja) f pers or f  inan
 * 1) female equivalent of -ник (-nyk)
 * 2) (forms nouns denoting the place)
 * ‎крам (kram, “goods”) + ‎-ниця (-nycja) → ‎крамниця (kramnycja, “shop, store”)
 * ‎гроб (hrob, “coffin, grave”) + ‎-ниця (-nycja) → ‎гробниця (hrobnycja, “tomb”)
 * ‎бог (boh, “god”) + ‎-ниця (-nycja) → ‎божниця (božnycja, “temple, church, chapel”)

-ння • (-nnja)
 * 1) Abstract noun–forming suffix: -tion

-ота́ • (-otá) f
 * 1) Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, usually an abstract noun denoting a quality.

-ський • (-sʹkyj)
 * 1) Used to form adjectives, often from nouns; -ish, -y.
 * ‎Украї́на (Ukrajína, “Ukraine”) + ‎-ський (-sʹkyj) → ‎украї́нський (ukrajínsʹkyj, “Ukrainian”)

-ся • (-sja)
 * 1) Reflexive suffix appended to finite verbs and infinitives to make a reflexive, reciprocal, intransitive or passive verb.

Totes not Ukro prefixes
багато- • (bahato-)
 * 1) many-, multi-, poly- (pertaining to many)

від- • (vid-)
 * 1) (used with verbs) away from

взаємо- • (vzajemo-)
 * 1) inter-, co- (together, mutually, jointly)

ви- • (vy-) (this prefix almost invariably bears the stress in perfective verbs, but not in imperfective verbs)
 * 1) (used with verbs) out, ex- (describing an action of moving outside from inside)
 * ‎ви- (vy-) + ‎ходи́ти impf (xodýty, “to go”) → ‎вихо́дити impf (vyxódyty, “to go out”)
 * 1) (used with verbs) indicates completion or fulfilment
 * ‎ви́- (vý-) + ‎пи́ти impf (pýty, “to drink”) → ‎ви́пити pf (výpyty, “to drink up”)

між- • (miž-)#inter- (among, between)

най- • (naj-)
 * 1) prefix added to the comparative form of adjectives and adverbs to form the superlative form

недо- • (nedo-)
 * 1) under-

пра- • (pra-) проти- • (proty-)
 * 1) great-
 * ‎пра- (pra-) + ‎дід (did) → ‎прадід (pradid)
 * 1) proto-
 * ‎пра- (pra-) + ‎слов'янський (slovʺjansʹkyj) → ‎праслов'янський (praslovʺjansʹkyj)
 * 1) anti-, counter-
 * ‎проти- (proty-) + ‎отру́та (otrúta, “poison”) → ‎протиотру́та (protyotrúta, “antidote”, literally “anti-poison”)
 * ‎проти- (proty-) + ‎та́нковий (tánkovyj, “tank (attributive)”) → ‎протита́нковий (protytánkovyj, “antitank”)
 * ‎проти- (proty-) + ‎ді́яти (díjaty, “to act”) → ‎протиді́яти (protydíjaty, “to counteract”)

само- • (samo-)
 * 1) auto-, self- (regarding oneself)

що- • (ščo-)
 * 1) Forms adverbs and adjectives denoting occurrence in each of a given time period
 * 2) adverbs
 * ‎що- (ščo-) + ‎ра́нку (ránku) → ‎щора́нку (ščoránku, “every morning, each morning”)
 * ‎що- (ščo-) + ‎дня (dnja) → ‎щодня́ (ščodnjá, “every day, each day”)
 * ‎що- (ščo-) + ‎ти́жня (týžnja) → ‎щоти́жня (ščotýžnja, “every week, each week”)
 * 1) adjectives
 * день (denʹ, “day”) → щоде́нний (ščodénnyj, “daily”)
 * мі́сяць (mísjacʹ, “month”) → щомі́сячний (ščomísjačnyj, “monthly”)
 * рік (rik, “year”) → щорі́чний (ščoríčnyj, “annual, yearly”)

Foreign Affixes
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Greek_suffixes

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Greek_prefixes

Lemmas
General rule: Is it in English? Look for the Gothic word. If not, look for Slavic, unless its Greek. 50% of the time there is no Gothic word so just use the Slavic one. Doesnt matter if it comes from OCS because i border lipnitia

All sciencey and philosophy shit comes from Greek.

Everything from this page https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Biblical_Hebrew https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:he:God https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:he:Mythology